• NIMHANS PG/PG Diploma/Superspeciality/PhD online entrance test: The NIMHANS PG/PG Diploma/Superspeciality/PhD online entrance test is a national-level exam that is conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS). It is a one-tier exam, and it is required for admission to PhD programs in mental health and neurosciences.
• JNU PhD Entrance: The JNU PhD Entrance is a national-level exam that is conducted by the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). It is a one-tier exam, and it is required for admission to PhD programs in various disciplines at JNU.
• JRF-GATE: The JRF-GATE exam is a national-level exam that is conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras. It is a two-tier exam, and it is required for eligibility for research fellowships in engineering, science, and technology.
• NIPER PhD Entrance Exam: The NIPER PhD Entrance Exam is a national-level exam that is conducted by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER). It is a one-tier exam, and it is required for admission to PhD programs in pharmaceutical sciences at NIPER.

UGC NET Exam

Exam Structure

The UGC NET exam is a computer-based test (CBT) exam, and it consists of two papers: Paper 1 and Paper 2.

• Paper 1: This is a general paper designed to assess the candidate's teaching and research aptitude, reasoning ability, comprehension, and general awareness. It consists of 50 multiple-choice questions, each carrying 2 marks.
• Paper 2: This paper is subject-specific and assesses the candidate's in-depth knowledge and expertise in their chosen subject. It consists of 100 multiple-choice questions, each carrying 2 marks.
• The total exam time for both papers is three hours. There is no break between Papers 1 and 2.
• The paper is presented in both English and Hindi languages.
• UGC NET exam does not have a negative marking scheme.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude

This unit focuses on the concept of teaching, including its objectives, levels, and characteristics. Candidates should understand the different requirements for effective teaching and the factors that influence teaching, such as teacher and learner characteristics. They should be aware of teaching methods in higher learning institutions, both teacher-centered and learner-centered, as well as traditional and modern teaching support systems.

• Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding, and reflective) characteristics, and basic requirements
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional, and cognitive) individual differences
• Factors affecting teaching related to teacher, learner, support material, Instructional facilities, learning environment, Institution
• Teaching methods in higher learning institutions: teacher-centered vs learner-centered methods, offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.)
• Teaching support system: Traditional, modern, and ICT based
• Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems

Unit-II: Research Aptitude

Candidates should grasp the meaning, types, and characteristics of research in this unit. They should be familiar with different research approaches and methods, including experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative, and quantitative methods. Knowledge of the steps involved in research and the proper format and styles of thesis and article writing is essential. Understanding the application of ICT in research and research ethics is also important.

• Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics
• Positivism and post-positivist approaches to research
• Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative, and quantitative methods
• Steps of research
• Thesis and article writing: Format and styles of referencing
• Application of ICT in research
• Research ethics

Unit-III: Comprehension:

This unit assesses candidates' comprehension skills. They will be given a passage of text and need to answer questions based on the information provided.

• A passage of text is given
• Questions asked from the passage to be answered

Unit-IV: Communication

Candidates should understand the meaning and types of communication, including verbal and non-verbal communication. Effective communication in various contexts, such as inter-cultural and group communication, should be understood. Awareness of barriers to effective communication and the influence of mass media on society is also important.

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication
• Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom communication
• Barriers to effective communication
• Mass-media and society

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

This unit tests candidates' mathematical reasoning skills and aptitude. They should be familiar with different types of reasoning, such as number series, letter series, codes, and relationships. Competence in mathematical aptitude, including fractions, time, distance, ratios, proportions, percentages, profit and loss, interest, and averages, is essential.

• Types of reasoning
• Number series, letter series, codes, and relationships
• Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time & distance, ratio, proportion and percentage, profit and loss, interest and discounting, averages, etc.)

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning

Logical reasoning evaluates candidates' ability to understand argument structures, distinguish deductive and inductive reasoning, and analyze analogies. Knowledge of Venn diagrams for establishing the validity of arguments and Indian Logic, including means of knowledge and types of inference, is required. Understanding logical fallacies and the structure of arguments is crucial for this unit.

• Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations, and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition.
• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning
• Analogies
• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge
• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication), and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)
• Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Logical Reasoning is a crucial unit in the UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus and is meant to test the analytical thinking and tactical skills of the candidates and future professors.

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation

This unit focuses on data sources, acquisition, classification, and interpretation. Candidates should be able to represent data graphically using various charts and tables. Interpretation skills and an understanding of data governance are important.

• Sources, acquisition, and classification of data
• Quantitative and qualitative data
• Graphical representation (bar chart, histograms, pie chart, table chart, and line chart) and mapping of data
• Data interpretation
• Data and governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Candidates should be familiar with general ICT abbreviations and terminology. Basic knowledge of the internet, intranet, email, and audio/video conferencing is required. Understanding digital initiatives in higher education and the role of ICT in governance is also important.

• ICT: General abbreviations and terminology
• Basics of the Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio, and Video-conferencing
• Digital Initiatives in higher education
• ICT and Governance

Unit-IX: People, Development, and Environment

This unit covers the relationship between human activities and the environment. Candidates should be aware of the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the environment and various environmental issues such as pollution, climate change, and waste management. Knowledge of natural resources, natural hazards, environmental protection acts, and international agreements is necessary.

• Development and Environment: Millennium Development and Sustainable development goals
• Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment
• Environmental issues: Local, regional, and global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change and its socio-economic and political dimensions
• Impacts of Pollutants on human health
• Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear, and Forests
• Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies
• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Unit-X: Higher Education System

Candidates should understand the evolution of higher learning and research in India, including ancient and post-independence education systems. Awareness of different learning programs, policies, governance, and administration in higher education is required. Knowledge of value education, environmental education, and professional/technical education is also important.

• Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India
• Evolution of higher learning and Research in Post-independence India
• Oriental, conventional, and non-conventional learning programs in India
• Professional, technical, and skill-based education
• Value education and environmental education
• Policies, governance, and administration

Cracking Paper 1 for UGC NET Aspirants

• Understand the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus. This will help you comprehend the breadth of the topics and enable you to create a study plan and timetable to cover all the essential areas within the given time frame.
• Time Management: Identify your weaker sections and allocate more time to study them. Set time limits for each topic and practice efficient time management during your preparation. Additionally, allocate sufficient time for other subjects to maintain a balanced approach during the main exam.
• Practice Mock Tests and Quizzes: Utilize mock tests and daily quizzes to enhance your preparation. Mock tests aid in developing effective strategies, while practicing previous year's questions improves accuracy and speed. Regularly solving mock tests and revising past questions will boost your confidence for the actual exam.
• Focus on Conceptual Understanding: Emphasize a strong conceptual understanding of the topics covered in Paper 1. Instead of rote memorization, aim to comprehend the underlying principles and theories. This approach will enable you to answer questions effectively and tackle application-based queries.
• Stay Updated and Seek Guidance: Keep yourself updated with current trends and advancements in the field of education, research, and technology. Engage in discussions, follow reliable sources, and seek guidance from mentors or subject experts to clarify any doubts or queries you may have.

UGC NET Paper 2 Syllabus

For the UGC NET exam, candidates are given the opportunity to choose a subject for Paper 2 that aligns with their post-graduate specialization or a closely related field. The vast array of subjects covered by NTA UGC NET includes a comprehensive list of 101 disciplines. To explore the specific syllabus for their chosen subject, candidates can visit the official website at https://www.ugcnetonline.in/syllabus-new.php. This allows candidates to focus their preparation and delve deeper into their area of expertise.

Below are descriptions of some popular subject choices for the UGC NET exam:

• Commerce: Commerce is a sought-after subject for UGC NET aspirants. The UGC NET Commerce Syllabus covers topics such as business environment, international business, economics, statistics, and banking. This provides a comprehensive understanding of the commercial aspects of business, including economic principles, statistical analysis, financial institutions, and global business dynamics.
• English Literature: English Literature is a widely attempted subject in the UGC NET exam. The UGC NET English Literature Syllabus is divided into 10 units, covering various genres like drama, poetry, fiction, storytelling, and non-fictional prose. By delving into these units, candidates can enhance their literary analysis skills, explore different literary works, and develop a deeper appreciation for the vast realm of English literature.
• Political Science: Candidates with a master's degree in Political Science can opt for this subject. The UGC NET Political Science Syllabus includes topics such as political theory, comparative politics, Indian political thought, international relations, and governance. By exploring these areas, candidates gain insights into political theories, ideologies, systems, international relations, and the functioning of governments.
• Management: Management is a popular subject choice for UGC NET candidates. The UGC NET Management Syllabus covers areas like human resource planning, organizational development, marketing, and talent management. This will help the candidate develop a strong foundation in management principles, organizational behavior, marketing strategies, and human resource management.
• Economics: Economics is another subject with significant demand among UGC NET aspirants. The UGC NET Economics Syllabus covers topics such as macroeconomics, microeconomics, econometrics, and monetary policies. They provide insights into economic principles, analysis of market behavior, statistical methods, and the impact of government policies on the economy.
• Computer Science: UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus attracts candidates with a background in computer-related subjects. It covers topics like computer organization, programming languages, database management, and graphics. This can help the candidates enhance their understanding of computer architecture, software development, database management systems, and computer graphics.

CSIR UGC NET Exam

The CSIR UGC NET exam, conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA), is a prestigious examination in India for determining the eligibility of Indian Nationals for Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and Lectureship/Assistant Professorship in the field of Science & Technology. CSIR is a premier national R&D organization that aims to foster S&T human resource development through grants and fellowship schemes.

Eligibility

Educational Qualifications

• Candidates must have a degree in B.Pharma/ BE/ B. Tech/ MSc/MBBS/ Integrated BS-MS/ BS- 4 years or equivalent degree with at least 55% marks.
• Aspirants who are currently pursuing an M.Sc and have completed graduation (10+2+3) are also eligible for this examination under the Result Awaited Category given that they finish their degree within two years.
• 5% marks relaxation is given to candidates who belong to reserved category i.e. Candidates from SC/ ST and persons with disability (PwD) category are required to attain a minimum of 50% marks in M.Sc or equivalent degree/ Integrated BS-MS/ BS- 4 years/ BE/ B.Tech/ B.Pharma/ MBBS
• Candidates who have done B.Sc or if they are pursuing the Integrated MS-PhD program and have got a minimum 55% marks then they are eligible to apply.
• Candidates who have completed graduation from a science or engineering background can also get the fellowship, provided they register for Ph.D. or integrated Ph.D. program within two years.
• Those who have finished their Master’s degree before September 19, 1992, with a minimum of 50% marks will be eligible to apply for a Lectureship only.

• Life Science: Candidates should have completed their educational qualification in Life Science.
• Chemical Science: Candidates must possess a degree in BS/M.Sc./B-Tech or an equivalent qualification in Chemistry.
• Earth Science: Candidates should have completed BS-MS/M.Sc./BS-4 Years/B-Pharma or any equivalent course in the field of Earth Science.
• Mathematics: Candidates must have completed BS-MS/M.Sc./BS/B-Tech or any equivalent course in the field of Mathematics.
• Physical Science: Candidates should hold a degree of BS-MS in Physics, M.Sc. Physics, or any equivalent course.

Category	Maximum Age Limit (as of 1st July 2022)
General Category	28 years
SC/ST/OBC/Female/PwD Applicants	33 years
OBC (Non-Creamy Layer) Applicants	31 years
Lectureship (LS)/Assistant Professor	No upper age limit

Exam Pattern

• 1. The MCQ test paper of each subject shall carry a maximum of 200 marks.
• 2. The exam shall be for a duration of three hours.
• 3. The question paper shall be divided in three parts -

Section	Description	Number of Questions	Maximum Marks
Part A	General Science, Quantitative Reasoning, Analysis, and Research Aptitude - common for all subjects	15 (out of 20)	30
Part B	Subject-related conventional MCQs	20-35	70
Part C	Higher value questions requiring application of scientific concepts	Variable	100

PART A Syllabus in Detail

Part A of the Reasoning and Quantitative Aptitude section focuses on the candidates' analytical and logical thinking skills. It covers various topics such as analytical reasoning, syllogisms, analogies, data sufficiency, number series, and non-verbal reasoning. Additionally, it includes quantitative aptitude topics like simplifications, algebra, percentage, time and work, data interpretation, and graphical analysis. This section aims to assess the candidates' ability to solve problems, make logical deductions, and interpret data accurately, providing a comprehensive evaluation of their reasoning and quantitative aptitude skills.

Reasoning

• Analytical Reasoning |
• Syllogisms |
• Analogies |
• Directions |
• Coding-Decoding |
• Classification |
• Alphabet Series |
• Symbols and Notations |
• Similarities and Differences |
• Number Series |
• Blood Relationships |
• Arrangements |
• Statements |
• Data Sufficiency |
• Non-verbal Reasoning |
• Visual Ability |
• Graphical Analysis |
• Data Analysis

Quantitative Aptitude

• Simplifications |
• Number System |
• Average |
• Algebra |
• PercentageTime & Work |
• Simple & Compound Interest |
• Time & Speed |
• HCF, LCM Problems |
• Area |
• Profit & Loss |
• Bar Graph, Pictorial Graph, Pie Chart |
• Ratio & Proportion |
• Permutation & Combination

Data Interpretation & Graphical Analysis

• Mean |
• Median |
• Mode |
• Measures of Dispersion |
• Graphical Analysis: Bar Graph, Line Graph, Pie-Chart and Tabulation

PART B&C Syllabus in Detail (Subject-specific)

1. CSIR NET Syllabus 2023 Life Science

This syllabus covers a range of topics related to life sciences. It includes molecular interactions, cellular organization, developmental biology, system physiology (animal and plant), inheritance biology, diversity of life forms, ecological principles, and more. It also incorporates methods in biology and applied biology, offering a comprehensive understanding of biological concepts and their practical applications.

• Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology |
• Cellular Organization |
• Cell Communication and Cell Signaling |
• Fundamental Processes |
• Developmental Biology |
• System Physiology – Animal |
• System Physiology – Plant |
• Inheritance Biology |
• Diversity of Life Forms |
• Ecological Principles |
• Methods in Biology |
• Applied Biology |
• Evolution and Behavior

2. CSIR NET Syllabus 2023 Chemical Science

The syllabus focuses on different branches of chemistry, including inorganic, physical, and organic chemistry. It also includes emerging areas such as nanoscience, catalysis, medicinal chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and environmental chemistry. This syllabus provides a broad coverage of chemical principles and their applications in various fields.

• Inorganic Chemistry |
• Physical Chemistry |
• Organic Chemistry |
• Chemistry in nanoscience and technology |
• Catalysis and Green Chemistry |
• Medicinal Chemistry |
• Supramolecular Chemistry |
• Environmental Chemistry

3. CSIR NET Syllabus 2023 Earth Science

This syllabus encompasses a wide range of topics related to the Earth and its various components. It covers the Earth's materials, surface features, atmosphere, oceans, and environmental aspects. In the geology section, it includes mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, paleontology, sedimentology, and other key areas, offering a comprehensive understanding of Earth's processes.

Part B

• The Earth and the Solar System |
• Earth Materials, Surface Features, and Processes |
• Interior of the Earth, Deformation and Tectonics |
• Atmosphere and Ocean |
• Environmental Earth Sciences

Part C (Geology)

• Mineralogy and Petrology |
• Structural Geology and Geotectonic |
• Paleontology and its Applications |
• Sedimentology and Stratigraphy |
• Marine Geology and Paleoceanography |
• Geochemistry |
• Economic Geology |
• Precambrian Geology and Crustal Evolution |
• Quaternary Geology |
• Applied Geology |
• Physical Geography |
• Geophysics |
• Meteorology |
• Ocean Sciences

4. CSIR NET Syllabus 2023 Mathematical Science

The syllabus focuses on mathematical analysis, algebra, linear algebra, complex analysis, and numerical analysis. It also covers topics such as differential equations, integral equations, data analysis, and calculus of variations. This syllabus equips candidates with a strong foundation in mathematical concepts and their applications in diverse areas.

• Analysis |
• Algebra |
• Linear Algebra |
• Complex Analysis |
• Numerical Analysis |
• Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs |
• Partial Differential Equations (PDEs |
• Linear Integral Equations |
• Exploratory Data Analysis and Descriptive Statistics |
• Calculus of Variations |
• Classical Mechanics |
• Descriptive Statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis

5. CSIR NET Syllabus 2023 Physical Science

This syllabus covers various branches of physics, including mathematical methods, electronics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and electromagnetic theory. It emphasizes classical mechanics and experimental methods, providing a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and applications in the field of physical science.

• Mathematical Methods of Physics |
• Electronics and Experimental Methods |
• Thermodynamic and Statistical Physics |
• Quantum Mechanics |
• Electromagnetic Theory |
• Thermodynamic and Statistical Physics |
• Electronics and Experimental Methods
• Classical Mechanics